Showing posts with label history of technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history of technology. Show all posts

The Quest for Artificial Intelligence Review

The Quest for Artificial Intelligence
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The Quest for Artificial Intelligence ReviewNils J. Nilsson's book begins with the story of how artificial intelligence originated in 1956 at a Dartmouth summer project that had the goal of "making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving." It relates how in the fifty-plus years that followed, AI has been the subject of overly-optimistic predictions, academic arguments that its goals are unachievable, funding excesses, and funding droughts. But the underlying reality is that AI has contributed key components to the technology foundations that shaped the modern world, and indeed has transformed our view of machines and of our relation to them.
The algorithms that compute your driving directions, and also compute the paths of characters in video games? They rely on results from AI research on mobile, intelligent robots. Those surprisingly high-quality voice response systems we encounter when we phone a customer-service number? They use results from AI research in speech recognition. The recommender systems ("You might also like") used by many web vendors? They use machine learning methods whose history is described by Nilsson. And AI technology is embedded in a host of less-apparent applications ranging from medical devices to automated securities trading systems.
Nils J. Nilsson's comprehensive account of the evolution of AI covers the field from its inception to recent times. All the major sub-fields of AI receive attention--from game playing to automatic problem solving, from computer vision to speech and language understanding, from expert systems to machine learning and probabilistic reasoning--all these and more are covered.
Nilsson enriches his account by viewing major developments through a multi-faceted prism. He describes AI's challenges, the approaches adopted and the landmark systems in just enough detail to give the reader real insight into the technical substance of the field. He also describes the funding issues and controversies that have swirled around AI since that very first Dartmouth meeting. And he introduces the reader to scores of brilliant, frequently colorful, characters whose contributions and opinions have influenced the course of developments.
For the AI practitioner, this book is a rare example of that often proclaimed, but seldom sighted species, the "essential volume" for your library. Your perspective on AI cannot help but be enhanced; you'll gain an increased appreciation for the time it takes for a good idea to mature and find a place in the world; and you may even be encouraged to revisit nearly-forgotten ideas that have relevance to current research issues.
But the book has appeal for the general reader as well. Nilsson is a masterful teacher and storyteller, and his description of timeless philosophical issues and intellectual challenges are as clear as you will find in as confined a space. Technical approaches are profusely illustrated and diagrammed, but remain accessible to any reader with an active curiosity. The tone of the book is straightforward and conversational, with neither the stuffiness of a self-important academic nor the breeziness of a science popularizer.
Predictions about AI have proven hazardous for 50 years, but I'll make one here: It will be a long time before any writer attempts a sequel to this unique and valuable volume.The Quest for Artificial Intelligence Overview

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Digital Nation: Toward an Inclusive Information Society Review

Digital Nation: Toward an Inclusive Information Society
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Digital Nation: Toward an Inclusive Information Society ReviewThe title sais it all as far as content and prose are concerned. The message is that the governments should step in and try to close digital divide more proactively. A Keynsian approach to an important issue - interesting, but not breathtaking addition to the ongoing debate on digital divide.Digital Nation: Toward an Inclusive Information Society Overview

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The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs Review

The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs
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The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs ReviewFirst, this is a "people" book more concerned with the personalities that created DARPA than what has come through the doors of DARPA that has contributed to the technological advancements for both the department of defense and the public-at-large. He seems concerned that the reader not only understand the individuals but how clever he has been in being able to gain access to those personalities who know what is happening behind the walls.
Second, it is clear that Belfiore gained considerable knowledge about rockets from his previous book. He is more comfortable in writing about this area of DARPA rather than about the game-changing world of computers and artificial intelligence or the larger DARPA agenda. He frankly admits his lack of understanding and seems willing to let that lack of knowledge ride in exchange for defaulting to the personalities working in these arenas.
He points out that much of his information comes from DARPA contractors who aren't veiled in the same "secrecy" or opaqueness of DARPA itself. Yet he has not taken the time to explore the breadth of this contracted research but limits himself more to the historic, the visible and his personal zone of comfort.
What Belfiore hits by accident and dismisses in order to retain his narrow focus is that while DARPA is "edgy" it is only the tip of a very large iceberg of military research by each of the various branches, some of which are of a similar nature to what DARPA is doing. One would think, from this book, that DARPA represents where the defense industry's research and development's edge is today.
It's not sufficiently technologically detailed, and does not significantly clarify what is currently going on behind the closed doors. It is more a personal tale of travel through the corridors of history and personalities than the essence of what makes DARPA a force on the frontiers of research today and for the future. It should find itself abridged in Readers Digest.The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs Overview

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Too Big to Fall: America's Failing Infrastructure and the Way Forward Review

Too Big to Fall: America's Failing Infrastructure and the Way Forward
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Too Big to Fall: America's Failing Infrastructure and the Way Forward ReviewToo Big to Fall is too important not to be read by elected and government officials and anyone who cares about the health of our cities, states, and country. LePatner, by concentrating on a major element of public works--our country's 600,000 bridges, brings into focus the causes and solutions that, if followed, in the long run would actually cost less and expose us to less risk. The release of this book could not be more timely. Thousands of local and state officials are facing record deficits. The easiest areas to cut are the nearly invisible activities of preventive maintenance. No large constituencies will be marching on city halls or statehouses to clamor to save the jobs of bridge painters or oilers. But now at least government public works managers and citizens have the source to educate elected officials and their bean counters in the penny-wise-pound-foolish choice of cutting maintenance now, only to face bigger costs and higher risks in just a few years. I was in charge of New York City's bridges after the fiscal crisis of the 1970s. On my watch in the 1980s, we had fatal collapses on the Brooklyn Bridge and the elevated FDR drive, as well as emergency closures of more than a score of other bridges. LePatner offers us a better choice.
--Sam Schwartz, Sam Schwartz Engineering
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